The technologies required for the bio-processing of more complex, Hydrometallurgy Equipment and other materials have been developed, piloted and/or demonstrated. The advances briefly described have been underpinned by concomitant progress in the separation and purification of many of the elements in the periodic table using solvent extraction or ion-exchange technologies. Given the technology developments and the remarkable resilience and adaptability of acidophilic microorganisms, it is not surprising that numerous studies on the application of biohydrometallurgy to many different metal-rich materials from primary mineral resources, secondary mining products and numerous "manufactured" resources have been described.

Hydrometallurgical processes have the advantages of being able to process low-grade ores, to allow better control of co-products and to have a lower environmental impact. With the depletion of deposits and the growing interest in low-grade elements, the metallurgical industry has shown a growing interest in the development of hydrometallurgical processes more adapted to current challenges over the last fifteen years. The need to develop more efficient, economical and environmentally-friendly processes, capable of extracting metals from increasingly complex and poorly polymetallic matrices, is real. The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight recent advances related to hydrometallurgy to face new challenges in metal production.

Rapid technological development induces increase of generation of used electric and electronic equipment waste, causing a serious threat to the environment. Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), as the main component of the waste, are significant source of base and precious metals, especially copper and gold. In recent years, most of the activities on the recovery of base and precious metals from waste PCBs are focused on hydrometallurgical techniques as more exact, predictable and easily controlled compared to conventional pyrometallurgical processes.

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