Seed proteins are typically of lower quality due to missing essential amino acids (quinoa and soy are notable exceptions). For example, wheat protein is. Corn is especially low in tryptophan. Legumes (including soybeans) are especially low in sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine.
The outer coatings of seeds are armed with proteins called lectins (aka phytohemagglutinins, or agglutinins), which are part of the plant’s immune system. Lectins can recognize friend from foe by reading carbohydrates on the surfaces of the cells of would-be invaders. When a seed is stressed or damaged, lectins are released to identify and attack potential enemies. One of the many ways they can fend off an attack is to zero in on targets (such as bacteria), bind to their signature carbohydrates, and then cause them to clump together (agglutination) so they cannot advance. Insects, not people, are the natural predators of grains, so lectins can also cause infertility in insects.
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