The energy crisis in India is one among the main problems. Transmission of an efficient power, also as power utilization of this power, is one among the main problems. the facility factor is that the hidden factor, which causes an excellent loss of electricity and also harms electrical tools. the facility factor of adjusting load is often calculated and rewarded using the static method. So, we'd like to seek out the explanations of power loss and extend the facility system. thanks to industrialization, the employ of inductive load boosts and thus power grid losses its efficiency. So, we'd like to enhance the facility factor with an appropriate method. Nowadays, the embedded system is extremely much popular and most of the merchandise are developed with microcontroller based embedded technology.

What is an influence Factor?

Power factor is defined because the ratio of real power to apparent power. Where real power is that the time integral of the instantaneous power measured over a full period and therefore the apparent power is just the merchandise of the RMS voltage and RMS current measured over the whole period.
The delay between the zero-voltage pulse and 0 current pulse duly generated by suitable operational amplifier circuits are fed to 2 interrupt pins of the microcontroller where the program takes over to actuate an appropriate number of relays at its output for bringing shunt capacitors into the load circuit to urge the facility factor till it reaches 0.95.

APFC for Industrial Power Use to attenuate Penalty

The hardware and software requirements of APFC Panel for industrial power users to attenuate penalty include Microcontroller (AT89S52/AT89C51), Relay, Relay driver, LCD, Current transformer, Inductive load, Shunt Capacitor, Push buttons, LED, 1N4007/1N4148, Resistor, Capacitor.

APFC for Industrial Power Use to attenuate Penalty

Keil an ARMS Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.

Compilers are programs want to convert a application-oriented language to code. Desktop compilers produce an output code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.

i.e the programs written in one among the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run on the system for a specific processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor within the computer).

For example, compilers for DOS platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler then the compiler may be a program that translates ASCII text file into code.

Need of APFC

Power factor also changes as a purpose of the load necessities. Maintaining a uniform power factor is difficult thanks to the utility of fixed capacitors. the automated difference is that the compensation to outfit the load necessities. the advantages of APFC include the subsequent

Constantly high-power factor under variable loads
Low energy utilization by dropping losses
Mechanically activates appropriate capacitor steps for constant power factor
Reduce the facility factor penalty
The load is often sensed and monitored continuously
Microcontroller
It is a smaller computer, it's on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports. The features of AT89S51/52 microcontroller include the subsequent.

Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) non-volatile storage
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer

It is an electromagnetic switch, want to control the electrical devices. Copper core, magnetic flux plays the most role here.

The relay switches connections are usually labelled COM, NC, and NO:
COM = Common, always hook up with this; it's the moving a part of the itch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to the present when the relay coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to the present when the relay coil is on
Relay Driver (ULN 2003)

ULN2003 may be a high voltage and high current Darlington transistor array
It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode Clamp diode for switching inductive loads.

The ULN2003 features a 2.7kW series base resistor for every Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5V CMOS devices.

Current, Output Max:500mA
Voltage, Input Max:5V
Voltage, Output Max:50V
Quad Voltage Comparator LM339
Wide single supply voltage range 2.0VDC TO 36VDC or dual supplies ±1.0VDC to ±18VDC
Very low supply current drain (0.8㎃) independent of supply voltage (1.0㎽/comparator at 5.0VDC)
Low input biasing current 25㎁
Low input offset current ±5㎁ and offset voltage
Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
Differential input voltage range adequate to the facility supply voltage
Low output 250㎷ at 4㎃ saturation voltage
Output voltage compatible with TTL, DTL, ECL, MOS and CMOS logic system
Moisture Sensitivity Level 3

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16×2 and 20×2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is mentioned as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates directly with the LCD.

Project Working

The main goal of this project is meant to scale back penalties for manufacturing units using APFC (automatic power factor correction) unit.

In this project, two zero crossing detectors are employed for sensing zero crossing of current and voltage. The time pause between the zero-voltage pulse also because the zero-current pulse is accordingly produced by appropriate op-amp (operational amplifier) circuits in comparator mode are fed to 2 interrupt pins of a microcontroller. It shows delay on an LCD.

The program takes over to activate an appropriate number of relays from its o/p to hold shunt capacitors into the load circuit to get the facility factor until it achieves near unity. The interfacing of relays and capacitor bank are often through with the microcontroller employing a relay driver. This project uses an 8051-family microcontroller.

In addition, this project is often improved with TCS (thyristor control switches) in its place of relay control to stay faraway from contact pitting frequently encountered by controlling of capacitors thanks to high inrush current.

From the above information, finally, we will conclude that this system is employed to beat power losses thanks to small power factors related with common domestic and little industrial units. By connecting appropriate capacitors to the circuit, the facility factor is often improved and therefore the value becomes closer to unity, therefore reducing line losses and enhancing the efficiency of an industry. Furthermore, any doubts regarding this idea or to implement any electrical projects, please give your feedback by commenting within the comment section below. Here may be a question for you, what are the applications of power factor?