Here are some common diseases that affect cattle:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)
Description: Also known as "shipping fever," it is a complex disease involving multiple pathogens.
Symptoms: Coughing, nasal discharge, fever, rapid breathing, lethargy.
Causes: Stress, viral and bacterial infections.
Prevention/Treatment: Vaccination, reducing stress, proper nutrition, and antibiotics.

2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Description: A viral infection causing a range of symptoms from mild to severe.
Symptoms: Diarrhea, fever, mouth ulcers, reproductive issues.
Causes: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV).
Prevention/Treatment: Vaccination, biosecurity measures, and supportive care.

3. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Description: A highly contagious viral disease.
Symptoms: Blisters on the mouth and feet, fever, lameness.
Causes: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV).
Prevention/Treatment: Vaccination, quarantine, and strict biosecurity.

4. Mastitis
Description: Inflammation of the mammary gland, often due to infection.
Symptoms: Swollen udder, milk changes, pain, reduced milk yield.
Causes: Bacterial infections and poor milking practices.
Prevention/Treatment: Good milking hygiene, proper equipment maintenance, and antibiotics.

5. Johne’s Disease
Description: A chronic bacterial infection of the intestines.
Symptoms: Weight loss, diarrhea, reduced milk production.
Causes: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
Prevention/Treatment: Herd management practices, such as culling infected animals.

6. Bovine Tuberculosis (TB)
Description: A chronic bacterial disease.
Symptoms: Weight loss, chronic cough, fever.
Causes: Mycobacterium bovis.
Prevention/Treatment: Testing and culling, biosecurity measures.

7. Blackleg
Description: An acute, often fatal, bacterial disease affecting young cattle.
Symptoms: Sudden death, lameness, swelling in muscles.
Causes: Clostridium chauvoei bacteria.
Prevention/Treatment: Vaccination, proper carcass disposal.

8. Liver Fluke
Description: A parasitic infection of the liver.
Symptoms: Weight loss, poor growth, anemia, jaundice.
Causes: Fasciola hepatica parasite.
Prevention/Treatment: Pasture management, antiparasitic treatments.

9. Bloat
Description: Accumulation of gas in the rumen.
Symptoms: Distended left side, discomfort, difficulty breathing.
Causes: Rapid consumption of legumes or lush pasture.
Prevention/Treatment: Proper grazing management and antifoaming agents.

10. Leptospirosis
Description: A bacterial disease affecting various organs.
Symptoms: Fever, jaundice, abortion, reduced milk production.
Causes: Leptospira bacteria.
Prevention/Treatment: Vaccination, rodent control, clean water sources.

11. Anthrax
Description: A severe, often fatal bacterial disease.
Symptoms: Sudden death, bleeding from orifices.
Causes: Bacillus anthracis bacteria.
Prevention/Treatment: Vaccination, immediate reporting of cases.

12. Ringworm
Description: A fungal skin infection.
Symptoms: Circular, crusty patches on skin, hair loss.
Causes: Dermatophyte fungi.
Prevention/Treatment: Good hygiene and antifungal treatments.

13. Rabies
Description: A viral disease affecting the nervous system.
Symptoms: Behavioral changes, excessive salivation, paralysis.
Causes: Rabies virus.
Prevention/Treatment: Vaccination, avoiding contact with wild animals.

14. Brucellosis
Description: A bacterial infection causing reproductive issues.
Symptoms: Abortion, retained placenta, infertility.
Causes: Brucella bacteria.
Prevention/Treatment: Vaccination, testing and culling, biosecurity measures.

15. Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD)
Description: A viral disease causing skin nodules.
Symptoms: Fever, nodules on the skin, reduced milk production.
Causes: Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV).
Prevention/Treatment: Vaccination, vector control (e.g., flies).

These diseases can have significant impacts on cattle health, productivity, and the agricultural economy. Effective management practices, vaccination programs, and biosecurity measures are essential to prevent and control these diseases.