4D printing is a state-of-the-art material printing technology where an object is printed in 3D using programmable matter. The use of programmable matter or material enables the object to change its shape after it is printed. The object can be transformed into other shapes through internal or external stimulus. The stimuli maybe immersion in water, fluctuation in temperature, UV light, pressure, electric current, or other forms of energy. 4D printing technology is paving the way for the development of smart shape-shifting materials. These materials can be used in various applications.

4D printing is expected to revolutionize almost every industry across the globe, as programmable materials can be transformed into a wide range of objects. 4D printing is still a niche market; commercialism of the market has not yet started. Research in 4D printing technology is being carried out at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (the U.S.), where the innovative idea first came into being. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology ’s Self-Assembly Lab, Stratasys’ Education, AutoDesk Inc., are some of the institutes that have come together to carry out research in 4D printing.

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Based on the type of material, the global 4D printing market can be segmented into programmable carbon fiber, programmable wood grains, and programmable fabric. Upon commercialism, the programmable carbon fiber segment is anticipated to account for the prominent market share during the forecast period owing to the rising demand for programmable carbon fiber in various industries. Programmable wood grains and programmable fabric are also expected to expand at a significant pace during the forecast period.

Based on end-use industry, the global 4D printing market can be segmented into aerospace, military and defense, automotive, clothing, construction, healthcare, and utility. The military and defense segment is expected to lead the global market for 4D printing during the forecast period. The segment is estimated to be followed by the aerospace and automobile segments during the forecast period. Rise in demand for the cutting-edge material technology and efficient resources around the globe are the major factors driving the market. High cost of printing technologies and programmable materials is the key restraint of the 4D printing market.

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In terms of region, the global 4D printing market can be divided into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and Latin America. North America is projected to account for the dominant share of the global 4D printing market during the forecast period, led by the initialization of the 4D technological concept in the U.S. and growth in technological trends in the region. The region is likely to be followed by the Asia Pacific and Europe. There has been an increase in technological reforms in Asia Pacific since the last few years. This provides significant opportunities for any advancement, especially in the material management segment. High initial costs is expected to be the only hindrance to the growth of the 4D printing market in Asia Pacific. This factor is anticipated to be overcome by the vast consumer base in the region.

Key players operating in the global 4D printing market are Self-Assembly Lab: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stratasys Ltd., AutoDesk Inc., 3D Systems Inc., Hewlett Packard Company, Materialise NV, ExOne Corporation, and Organovo Holdings Inc. ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science. MIT’s Self-Assembly Lab, Stratasys’ Education, and AutoDesk Inc. are the pioneers in the advanced 4D printing technology.