• Both TCP and UDP are protocols used for sending bits of data known as packets over the Internet. They both build on top of the Internet protocol. In other words, whether you are sending a packet via TCP or UDP, that packet is sent to an IP address. These packets are treated similarly, as they are forwarded from your computer to intermediary routers and on to the destination.TCP and UDP are not the only protocols that work on top of IP. However, they are the most widely used. The widely used term “TCP/IP” refers to TCP over IP. UDP over IP could just as well be referred to as “UDP/IP”, although this is not a common term.

• IP Classes and Subnet Mask:There are two types of addressing in networking: Physical addressing and logical addressing. The physical address is the MAC address (Media access control) which is fixed for a particular computer. Logical address is the IP (Internet Protocol) address.IP:
Network IP address is used to identify a host (PC or any network device) in a network. IP is a 32 bit binary number divided into 4 octet groups, each octet giving a maximum of 255 in decimal. For easier addressing of these IP address octet, they are written as dotted decimals.
How to find out a host IP address? You can go to the command prompt IP address check by typing as shown in the screenshot below

Classes of IP address in networking:
IP is divided into 5 classes of network addresses based on the range of.
Class A 0 – 127 Internet work communication
Class B 128 – 191 Internet work communication
Class C 192 – 223 Internet work communication
Class D 224 – 239 Reserved for multicasting
Class E 240 – 254 Reserved for research and experiments
Out of the total valid addresses in each class, two dedicated IP address is reserved for;
• Network address
• Broadcast address

So the total number of available IP addresses will be 2n – 2
Public and Private IP addresses
To communicate over an internet, a device must have a public IP address which is provided by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). Private range of IP addresses in an intranet (an internal network that uses internet technology). IANA also provides for private networks in each class as follows:
Private Network Address Ranges in each Class
Class A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.00 – 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

Before going detail to IP classes we need to know about subnet masks and how to find subnet mask for IP addresses.
Subnet Mask:
is a 32 bit address used with an IP in order to identify its network and host portions.
Please refer the network diagram below for better understanding. Let’s say you’ve got an IP address 200.1.1.2 with a subnet mask 255.255.255.0, it means that 200.1.1 is the network portion and is the host portion. So any IP which starts with 200.1.1 goes to the same network (Network A), like 200.1.1.1, 200.1.1.10, 200.1.1.100 200.1.1.254. And hence they don’t require a router to communicate with each other
In Network the first IP 200.1.1.0 is used to indicate network address and last IP 200.1.1.255 is used to send broadcast messages to all host computers in the network A.
Now another IP 200.1.2.2 which also has the same subnet mask cannot communicate with A without using a router because there’s a change in the network . It belongs to another network with network address 200.1.2.0Network B). Hope you got the point.
Another IP 10.1.1.2 with subnet mask 255.0.0.0 makes you understand that it belongs to the network (Network C), where only the first octet indicates network.
So subnet mask you understand the IP belongs to which network. By default the following subnet masks are used.
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