By Dr. Megha Khanna, February 2025
Immediate Press Release Date: Kolkata, February 2025: Endometriosis is a common yet often misunderstood health condition affecting millions of women worldwide, including many in India. Despite its prevalence, the condition remains underdiagnosed, and many women suffer in silence due to a lack of awareness. In this article, we will break down the basics of endometriosis, its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, with a special focus on how it affects women in India.
What is Endometriosis?
Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (called the endometrium) starts to grow outside the uterus. This can happen in various areas such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the outer surface of the uterus, or other organs within the pelvis. During a woman’s menstrual cycle, the endometrial tissue inside the uterus sheds and bleeds. However, when this tissue is outside the uterus, it has no way to exit the body. This leads to inflammation, pain, and the creation of scar tissue.
Symptoms of Endometriosis
The symptoms of endometriosis can vary widely from one woman to another. Some common symptoms include:
Pelvic Pain: This is the most common symptom, which can be severe and often worsens during menstruation. The pain may also occur during or after sexual intercourse, bowel movements, or urination.
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: Women with endometriosis may experience heavy periods or bleeding between periods.
Infertility: One of the most concerning aspects of endometriosis is its effect on fertility. Around 30-40% of women with endometriosis may face challenges when trying to conceive.
Fatigue and Nausea: Women may feel extremely tired, and some may even experience nausea or digestive problems.
Painful Bowel Movements or Urination: Especially during menstruation, these symptoms can be common for women with endometriosis.
The Challenge of Diagnosis
Diagnosing endometriosis can be tricky because its symptoms overlap with other conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome or pelvic inflammatory disease. In India, many women are hesitant to speak up about menstrual pain, often dismissing it as a normal part of their cycle. This cultural stigma surrounding menstruation can delay the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis.
To diagnose endometriosis, a healthcare provider will typically begin with a detailed medical history and a physical examination. The next step often involves imaging tests, such as ultrasounds or MRI scans, though these methods may not always detect the condition. The most accurate way to confirm endometriosis is through laparoscopy, a surgical procedure where a camera is inserted into the pelvic cavity to look for endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
Treatment Options for Endometriosis
Once diagnosed, there are several treatment options available to manage endometriosis, ranging from medication to surgery. The treatment plan often depends on the severity of the condition, the woman’s age, and her plans for future pregnancies.
1. Medications
The first step in managing endometriosis often involves medications to reduce pain and control symptoms. These may include:
Pain Relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or paracetamol can help manage mild to moderate pain.
Hormonal Therapies: Hormonal treatments like birth control pills, patches, or intrauterine devices (IUDs) can help regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce pain by limiting the growth of endometrial tissue.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists: These medications induce a temporary menopause-like state to stop the ovaries from producing estrogen, which can help shrink the endometrial tissue.
2. Surgical Treatment
If medications don’t provide relief, surgery may be considered. The goal of surgery is to remove as much of the endometrial tissue as possible. This is typically done through laparoscopic surgery. In severe cases, where other treatments are ineffective, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be considered, but this is generally only recommended for women who do not wish to have children.
3. Fertility Treatments
For women struggling with infertility due to endometriosis, assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be an option. Fertility preservation options such as egg freezing are also available for women who want to delay childbirth while managing endometriosis.
Lifestyle Changes and Alternative Therapies
Apart from medical treatments, certain lifestyle changes and alternative therapies may help alleviate symptoms. Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management techniques like yoga or meditation can improve overall well-being and help manage pain. Some women also find relief through acupuncture or herbal treatments, though these should always be discussed with a doctor.
The Importance of Awareness and Support
Endometriosis affects a significant number of women in India, yet many still suffer in silence. It’s essential to raise awareness about the condition to ensure timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Women should feel empowered to discuss their symptoms with healthcare providers and seek help if needed. Family support plays a crucial role, as the emotional and physical toll of the condition can be overwhelming.

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