From there, cancer may metastasize and spread to other organs such as the liver, breasts, lungs, or the rectum. The disease is becoming an increasing cause of concern for the medical fraternity in India. As per the WHO statistics, this cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women. With an estimated 570,000 new cases worldwide in 2018, cervical cancer represented 6.6% of all female cancers. What is more alarming is that around 90% of deaths from cervical cancer are in low- and middle-income countries.

Causes: Studies suggest that a few strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), play a role in causing most cervical cancers. The HPV contains two proteins (E6 and E7) which may suppress p53 and Rb genes that help prevent tumors, leading to cancer. HPV is not the only cause of cervical cancer, and other risk factors have an impact.

Some studies suggest that long term usage of oral contraceptives(five to nine years) could increase the risk of infection, and so could multiple pregnancies (five or more). Sexually transmitted diseases like, gonorrhoea, Chlamydia, and syphilis are said to increase the risk of developing cervical cancer.

Symptoms:Early-stage cervical cancer produces almost no symptoms. However, advanced cancer could lead to :

● Vaginal bleeding after intercourse or menopause or even between periods.

● Vaginal Discharge would be watery and filled with blood. Will have a foul odour as well.

● Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.

● Bone pain, loss of appetite, fatigue, and kidney failure follow if cancer progresses to an advanced stage.

WHO recommends taking a comprehensive approach to curbing the growing cervical cancer cases. It urges countries to take a holistic, structured approach that includes prevention, early diagnosis, active screening, and treatment programs. Here are some of the ways you could prevent and treat cervical cancer

Routine PAP tests:

A PAP test helps doctors in figuring out anything different from the cells/lining of the cervix.

After the age of thirty, doctors advise women to take a PAP test every five years, to screen against any possible form of cancer.

Vaccination:Yes, there are two effective vaccines available - Cervarix and Gardasil. According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, the following is the vaccine schedule that must be followed:

Girls age 11-12 (the first dose can be given from 9)

Females between 13-26 who haven’t been vaccinated before and have no history of cervical cancer

Boys, starting at age 11, as well as males aged 13-21 who have not previously been vaccinated

Practice safe sex:Women with many sexual partners have shown a higher risk of infection. Use a condom and practise safe sex.

Doctors across the globe are working tirelessly to find the best cervical cancer treatment. Most commonly used treatment protocols at best cancer treatment hospital with Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Targeted therapy with Avastin. Treatment early-stage cervical cancer is known to have a better success rate. WHO suggests that with a holistic approach, including prevention (through vaccines), early diagnosis, active screening, and best in class treatment programs, cervical cancer can be tackled.

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