Lawrenceville, USA 27 March 2014 :For much of human history, the changes and development that a child goes through have been ignored. Before the 19th and 20th century, adults viewed their children as miniature versions of themselves, and so applied their sensibilities, habits, and psychology to their children. However, with grand theories such as that of Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson, child development theories came to the forefront in the 19th century. Since then, theories have been added constantly to the ever growing area of psychology called child development classes. One article cannot cover all the facets of child development; this article aims to summarize one facet of physical and mental development in a toddler's life: developmental milestones.

Developmental milestones can be divided into four basic categories: physical milestones, cognitive milestones, social and emotional milestones, and communication milestones.

Physical milestones are concerned with two types of physical skills - fine motor and large motor skills. Large motor skills usually involve such activities and sitting up and down, standing up, crawling and beginning to walk. On the other hand, fine motor skills involve are concerned with more specific movements such as reaching out and grasping precisely an object held in front of the child, holding an object such as a crayon or a spoon, drawing basic shapes like squares, triangles, and circles, and being able to pick up small objects such as stuffed toys.

The second category of milestones in early child development, called cognitive milestones, involves a developing child's ability to understand, think, and learn. Slightly older children are able to independently solve problems. Examples of a child's cognitive development involve such activities as being able to respond to an adult's - or another child's - facial expressions; or, if the child is slightly older - maybe 4 or 5 years old - being able to learn the alphabet and being able to read a children's book.

The third category of milestones in child development careers is that of social and emotional milestones. These are concerned with developing an emotional quotient: growing children gain a conscious understanding of their own emotions as well as the emotions of the adults of other children; most commonly, the people they see every day: their mother and father, grandmothers and grandfathers, sisters and brothers, and family friends.

The last basic category of child development milestones is communication. This is primarily concerned with language training, but also extends to nonverbal forms of communication. Developments in the communication abilities of a child start a little after birth and continue for most of their childhood. Examples of communication milestones vary from an infant learning to call his mother and father to a preschool student learning the difference between nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

While there are basic outlines of the developmental stages in a child's life, it is important for parents and nurses to remember that all children do not develop at the same rate. If your child learns to walk or talk a bit later than the children around him, remember that each child needs his own time to grow.

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