M. Laxmikanth

# M. Laxmikanth: Dr. M. Laxmikanth is the author of the widely popular book titled "Indian Polity," a comprehensive guide to the Indian political system and the Constitution of India. His book has become a standard reference for aspirants preparing for various competitive examinations, especially the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) civil services examination.
# NEW AMENDMENTS: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act in India was related to the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) and State Assemblies. This amendment pertains to the enhancement of reservation for SCs and STs in Lok sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years, extending the provisions beyond the original period specified in the Constitution.
The 104th Constitutional Amendment Act was passed in 2019 and received the President's assent on August 21, 2019. It amended Articles 334 and 336 of the Indian Constitution.
Here are the key provisions of the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act:
1.EXTENSION OF RESERVATION:- The primary objective of this amendment was to extend the provisions related to the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for an additional 10 years.
2.Article 334 Amendment: Article 334 of the Indian Constitution deals with the reservation of seats and special representation to cease after a certain period. The 104th Amendment extended the period mentioned in Article 334 from 70 years to 80 years.
3.Article 336 Amendment: Article 336 pertains to the representation of Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People (Lok Sabha) and State Legislative Assemblies. The 104th Amendment abolished the provision for the representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
It's essential to note that the information provided here is based on my knowledge up to January 2022. For the latest and most accurate details on the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act or any subsequent developments, I recommend checking the official gazette notifications, government sources, or legal databases for the most current information.
#WOMEN RESERVATION BILL: In January 2022, the Women's Reservation Bill, officially known as the Constitution (108th Amendment) Bill, was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of India. The bill aimed to reserve 33% of seats in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) and in the state legislative assemblies for women.
As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the Women's Reservation Bill, officially known as the Constitution (108th Amendment) Bill, was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of India. The bill aimed to reserve 33% of seats in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) and in the state legislative assemblies for women.
Here are key points related to the Women's Reservation Bill:
1.Objective: The primary objective of the Women's Reservation Bill was to promote gender equality in the political representation by ensuring that at least one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and state legislatures are reserved for women.
2.Provisions: The bill proposed to amend Articles 330 and 332 of the Indian Constitution. It intended to reserve seats for women in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies on a rotation basis. The reservation was proposed to be implemented for 15 years initially.
3.Background: The Women's Reservation Bill had been a subject of discussion and debate in Indian politics for several years. It aimed to address the underrepresentation of women in legislative bodies and increase their participation in decision-making processes.
4.Challenges and Opposition: Despite its noble intentions, the bill faced challenges and opposition from various quarters. Some critics argued that it might not adequately address the issue of empowerment and representation of women from marginalized sections. The bill also faced resistance from some political parties.
5.Status: As of my last update, the Women's Reservation Bill had been passed by the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) in 2010. However, its passage in the Lok Sabha was pending. The bill had not become law, and its status could have changed since then.