A turbo is made up of two halves joined together by a shaft. On one side, hot exhaust gasses spin the turbine that is connected to another turbine which sucks air in and compresses it into the engine. This compression is what gives the engine the extra power and efficiency because as more air can go in the combustion chamber, more fuel can be added for more power. A turbocharger is a device fitted to a vehicle’s engine that is designed to improve the overall efficiency and increase performance. Turbocharged engines are also not affected in the same way as naturally aspirated engines are when they go at higher altitudes. The higher in altitude a naturally aspirated engine climbs, the harder it becomes for it to get oxygen due to the thinning atmosphere. A turbocharger gets around this problem because it forces the oxygen into the engine’s combustion chamber, sometimes at 2 times the pressure of the atmosphere.

Taking a naturally aspirated engine and slapping on a turbocharger on it will not improve fuel efficiency. For example, take a 2.5L inline-4 cylinder naturally aspirated engine and decrease the displacement to 1.4L and then turbocharger it. The smaller, turbocharged engine would still have the same performance figures (or slightly better) but because of the smaller displacement, it would also use less fuel.

The Powerstroke fuel injectors use fuel injectors called a Piezo stack injector. Piezo wafers expand when voltage is applied to them. Even so, the total expansion of many wafers stacked together is only a few thousandths of an inch. Instead of forcing open the fuel injector nozzle, the wafer stack is used to control fuel flow inside the injector.

High-pressure fuel from the rail is applied to both sides of the needle control chamber of the injector. When the Piezo stack is energized by the Nozzle Master, the wafers expand and push down on a control valve piston, allowing the high-pressure fuel on the upper side of the needle control chamber to vent through the return passage.

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