A Gamma Camera is also known as an Anger Camera or Scintillation Camera. Radioisotopes emitting radiations in the gamma range are captured in an image by the use of this device. The major applications of this device involve the development of early drugs and most importantly the nuclear medical imaging for viewing and analyzing the images of parts of the human body which involve the injection and distribution of a drug which is either inhaled, ingested or medically injected. These drugs are generally radionuclides which gamma rays.

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Types of techniques of imaging involving the use of Gamma Cameras
Scintigraphy is the simplest imaging technique which involves the capturing of emitted radiation by the application of gamma cameras from the radioisotopes injected into the body. Scintigraphy generates a 2-Dimensional image.

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) involves the use of nuclear testing of cardiac tests. This involves the use of gamma cameras as well. A coded aperture is used for the gamma camera in the case of this type of imaging. One to three detectors are also used in the imaging process and are rotated around the torso of the patient.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning involves the use of multi-headed gamma cameras wherein the hardware and software of the program are configured for the detection of coincidences which are nothing but the occurrence of events of simultaneous origin on two distinct heads. It is to be noted that the PET scanning involving gamma cameras is substantially inferior to the PET imaging which uses a designed-for-purpose PET scanner. However, gamma cameras with their much lower costs and their multipurpose flexibility in comparison to a dedicated PET scanner, make this technique useful in the cases where there are restrictions on expense and resources.

What happens inside a Gamma Camera?
A Gamma Camera consists of one or more flat planes of crystals (also known as detectors). These detectors are arranged in an optically coupled array consisting of photomultiplier tubes. Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) are a member of the vacuum tubes class and are basically vacuum phototubes. These are extremely sensitive light detectors in the near-infrared, visible, and UV range of the electromagnetic spectrum. They can multiply the current generated by incident light by as much as 100 million times!

This assembly of multiple arrays is known as a head, which is mounted on a gantry. The gantry has a connection with the computer system which not only controls the camera operation but also stores and acquires the images generated. The construction and working of a gamma camera are also called a radiation construction of compartmental origin.

The most important feature of gamma cameras involves the accumulation of events or counts by the system, which is nothing but counts of gamma photons which the crystal used in the camera absorbs. Generally, a sodium iodide crystal with thallium doping is used. The crystal is large and flat in shape and is kept in a housing which is light-sealed. This innovative method of gamma detection was discovered by Sir Samuel Curran way back in 1944.

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How does the crystal work?
When a gamma photon in radiation from the radionuclide injected in the patient leaving the body, it pushes out an electron from the iodine atom in the crystal. This dislocation of the electron generates a very faint flash of light on the re-entry of the electron to its minimal energy state. These phenomena are nothing but the photoelectric effect and the Compton effect. The previously mentioned array of photomultiplier tuber which is present in the crystal captures these flashes of light produced and a computer is used to run the counts. The computer then sums up the counts leading to the reconstruction and displaying of a 2-Dimensional image on the monitor. This image shows the relative concentration and distribution of the trace elements of radioactive origin injected into the patient and shows the organs and tissues through which it passes.

On the whole, this is the most important elementary information required to understand the Gamma Camera and going ahead this technology will open new doors in the field of medical science and personal healthcare.

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