Female reproduction: The organs that are involved in female reproduction are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. At birth, the ovaries of a girl baby already contain about two million eggs, in a premature form. By puberty the girl has about 300,000 to 400,000 eggs. But very few mature through the woman’s fertile years – only about 400! Each of these eggs has 23 chromosomes. This is the woman’s contribution to the genetic material that is needed for a baby. The male sperm contains the other 23 chromosomes required.

The menstrual cycle and reproduction: The menstrual cycle prepares the woman’s body to release a mature egg every month. This cycle is hormone-driven and lasts for about 28 days. In some women the cycle can vary from 18 to 40 days. The first day of the period, when the bleeding begins, is always taken as day 1 of the menstrual cycle. The egg is released on day 14 of a 28-day cycle. The release of the egg is known as ovulation. In a longer menstrual cycle, ovulation takes place 14 days before the first day of the next cycle.

Men are fertile at any time during their reproductive years, but women are fertile only for a short time during each cycle. This is around the time of ovulation. For fertilisation to happen, a sperm must unite with an egg within 12 to 24 hours after ovulation. At this time, the lining of the uterus has become thick and is prepared for implantation of a fertilised egg.

How do hormones make the menstrual cycle happen? The menstrual cycle is driven by hormones from start to finish. It is the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) that causes egg-bearing follicles in the ovaries to become bigger. Every month, one follicle becomes larger and larger until it ruptures, thus releasing a mature egg into the fallopian tubes. The luteinising hormone (LH) triggers the release of the egg (ovulation).

The uterus, meanwhile, makes its own preparations for pregnancy. The lining of the uterus becomes thicker during each cycle. This thickening occurs because of increased levels of the two major female hormones – oestrogen and progesterone. After ovulation, the lining of the uterus stays thick because the follicle (called the corpus luteum after the egg has been released) secretes oestrogen and progesterone.

If the egg is not fertilised, the corpus luteum destroys itself in about 10 to 12 days. This causes a halt in the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone. Since there is no longer an increased level of these two hormones, the lining of the uterus is shed as the next menstrual period. By the end of the bleeding, the lining of the uterus is cleansed and ready for the next menstrual cycle.

However, if pregnancy does happen, the embryo (the fertilised egg) releases human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG maintains the corpus luteum instead of it degenerating. The corpus luteum goes on secreting oestrogen and progesterone. The lining of the uterus is thus maintained and the period does not occur. The lining of the uterus provides the right environment for the embryo to implant and develop into a baby.

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