Generally speaking, there are three aspects which could led to the?refractory?damage in ladle furnace, now let’s summarized as follows:

1. Chemical reaction
1) The chemical composition of hot molten steel could have chemical reaction with the refractory material.
2) The slag generated from the molten steel, also erodes the surface to some content.?
3) Refractory material itself could has a series of reaction at high temperature, such as the new created mineral can lead to the expansion or shrinkage, volatilization under the vacuum condition, etc.

2. Physical impaction
1) The thickness of the refractory will be thinner as the molten steel keep washing out working layer.
2) Cracking and spalling would take place which caused by continuous heat impact from the steel liquid.?
3) The expansion and contraction of refractory material itself causing the unstable volume condition.?
4) High temperature steel liquid corrodes and melts badly against refractory material surface.

3. Other factors
1) Wrong choice of?refractory?material
2) Improper using method, such as inappropriate lining and baking process.
3) Not continuous production causing the rapid and frequent temperature difference in the ladle
4) Inappropriate patching method. Such as permanent layer would be broken when remove the working layer.